This chapter delves deeper into civil and social regulations. It starts with laws about property restitution, particularly concerning the theft of animals. Specific penalties are established, depending on whether the stolen animal is found alive or has been slaughtered. The chapter then addresses damages caused by livestock or fire and the responsibilities tied to entrusted goods. As the chapter progresses, the focus shifts to social and ethical responsibilities. There are laws concerning the treatment of virgins, prohibitions against sorcery, bestiality, and idolatry, and strong protections for the vulnerable, including strangers, widows, and orphans. Rules about lending, particularly to the needy, are also provided, emphasizing compassion and fairness. The chapter concludes with a series of diverse commands ranging from the prohibition of eating torn meat to showing respect for rulers and God.

Chapter 23 emphasizes justice, fairness, and religious observance. It begins with warnings against spreading false reports and the perils of joining hands with the wicked. Laws that underscore the importance of helping even one's enemies and ensuring unbiased judgment are also presented. The chapter then introduces the concept of the Sabbatical year, where the land is to be left uncultivated every seventh year, benefiting the poor and the wildlife. The weekly Sabbath rest is reiterated, emphasizing its importance. This is followed by instructions on annual religious festivals: the Feast of Unleavened Bread, the Feast of Harvest, and the Feast of Ingathering. The chapter wraps up with a series of commands related to offerings and a renewed call to exclusive worship of God. God concludes by promising to send an angel to guide and protect the Israelites, ensuring their successful conquest of Canaan, but also warns against any allegiance with the native inhabitants and their gods.

This chapter marks a pivotal point in Israel's relationship with God as the covenant is formally ratified. After conveying God's laws to the people, they respond with a unanimous commitment to obedience. Moses then constructs an altar and twelve pillars, representing the twelve tribes of Israel. Sacrifices are made, and the blood is sprinkled on the people, symbolizing the sealing of the covenant. A select group, including Moses, Aaron, and seventy elders, ascend part of Mount Sinai, where they have a profound encounter with God, described as under His feet being like a pavement of sapphire. This divine experience culminates with a meal, symbolizing the peace and fellowship between God and His people. The chapter concludes with God summoning Moses further up Mount Sinai. Moses ascends, accompanied partway by Joshua, and a cloud covers the mountain for six days. On the seventh day, Moses enters the cloud, where he remains for forty days and nights, preparing to receive God's enduring commandments.